The post Shutter Speed in Photography: The Essential Guide (+ Cheat Sheet) appeared first on Digital Photography School. It was authored by Darren Rowse.
What is shutter speed in photography, and how can you use it to create stunning photos?
Shutter speed is a foundational photographic concept – one that every beginner photographer must master. Once you know how to use shutter speed, you’ll be able to capture sharp photos at will. You’ll also be prepared to capture interesting artistic effects (such as slow shutter speed blur).
In this article, I’m going to take you through all the shutter speed basics, including:
- A simple definition of shutter speed
- The effects that shutter speed has on your images
- The difference (and importance) of slow versus fast shutter speeds
- How to use different shutter speeds for outstanding results
- How to have fun with creative shutter speed techniques
So if you’re ready to become a shutter speed photography expert, then let’s dive right in!
What is shutter speed?
Shutter speed is the length of time the camera shutter is open while the camera takes a photo.
You press the shutter button, the shutter opens for a predetermined time period (i.e., the shutter speed), then the shutter closes and the image is complete.
When the shutter is open, light hits the camera sensor; therefore, the longer the shutter speed, the more light the sensor receives. This has various effects, as discussed in the next section.
Note that shutter speed is measured in seconds (or fractions of a second). Here are a few common shutter speeds:
- 10s
- 1s
- 1/10s
- 1/30s
- 1/60s
- 1/125s
- 1/250s
- 1/500s
- 1/1000s
- 1/1600s
- 1/2000s
The list begins with a long, 10-second shutter speed, but the shutter speeds get shorter and shorter, ending with a lightning-fast 1/2000s shutter speed.
Note that the shutter speed measurements listed above certainly aren’t comprehensive. Most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras let you select from 30-second shutter speeds all the way down to 1/4000s or 1/8000s, though you may also have access to a special mode – called Bulb mode – that lets you keep the shutter button open for your desired length of time.
Therefore, while most cameras offer several dozen basic shutter speed options (shutter speed presets, if you will), there are literally thousands of possible shutter speeds you can use, all of which expose the camera sensor to slightly different quantities of light. Make sense?
How shutter speed affects your photos
Shutter speed impacts your images in two key ways:
- It increases and decreases exposure (i.e., image brightness)
- It increases and decreases sharpness (i.e., image detail)
Let’s take a look at each item in turn.
Shutter speed increases and decreases exposure
The longer the shutter speed, the more light that hits your camera sensor – and the brighter the image becomes.
So if you photograph a tree at 1/1000s, then you lower the shutter speed to 1s, your second image – with its slower shutter speed – will be noticeably brighter.
This has major consequences. Much of photography is about achieving the proper brightness, or exposure, for a scene, and by adjusting the shutter speed, you can get different results. For this reason, shutter speed is one of the three camera exposure variables (along with aperture and ISO).
So when you’re out with your camera, you’ll need to adjust the shutter speed to achieve a nice, balanced exposure. The specifics will depend on the scene, but watch for blown-out highlights and clipped shadows. In other words, make sure you don’t over or underexpose so heavily that you lose information in the lightest or darkest parts of the photo.
Shutter speed increases and decreases sharpness
Faster shutter speeds freeze motion. Slower shutter speeds blur motion.
So if you’re photographing a bird in flight at 1/4000s, every feather will be crisp, even the flapping wings. But if you photograph that same bird at 1/15s, it will be an indecipherable blur.
Now, the shutter speed needed to freeze motion will change depending on the speed of the moving object. A feather drifting through the air may require a 1/200s shutter speed for maximum sharpness, while a fast-moving car may require 1/2000s or more.
A too-slow shutter speed is one of the main reasons why pictures come out blurry – so you should pay very close attention to your shutter speed value. Always make sure it’s fast enough to get the results you’re after.
How to set the shutter speed on your camera
The precise shutter speed mechanisms vary from camera to camera – but changing the shutter speed is usually as simple as rotating a dial (to learn all the specifics, I recommend you check your camera manual).
Note that your ability to adjust the shutter speed will change depending on your camera mode.
If you use Auto mode, your camera will select the shutter speed for you, and you will have zero ability to make changes.
If you use Manual mode, you can dial in the shutter speed at will (and you can also independently select your aperture and ISO).
If you use Shutter Priority mode, you can select the shutter speed and the ISO, while your camera will select the aperture for the optimal exposure (based on its evaluation of the scene).
If you use Aperture Priority mode, you can select the aperture and ISO, while your camera will select the shutter speed for an optimal exposure (again, based on its evaluation of the scene).
Different camera modes are good for different situations, so don’t just pick a mode and stick to it; instead, learn to adjust your mode dial depending on your photographic needs.
How does shutter speed relate to ISO and aperture?
In a previous section, I mentioned ISO and aperture, and how they – along with shutter speed – affect image exposure. But how exactly does this work?
First of all, shutter speed, aperture, and ISO are all part of the exposure triangle because they together determine the amount of light that enters your camera. Each of these factors complements each other in that you can achieve similar exposure outcomes by adjusting the variables in relation to one another.
You may be familiar with the term “stops,” which refers to a halving (or a doubling) of the amount of light hitting the camera sensor. Therefore, with every full stop of adjustment in shutter speed, you are either doubling or halving the amount of light that enters your camera.
This means a shutter speed of 1/250s is twice as fast and lets in half the amount of light as a 1/125s shutter speed. And a shutter speed of 1/60s is approximately twice as slow as 1/125s and therefore lets in double the amount of light. So, 1/250s is one stop faster than 1/125s and two stops faster than 1/60s.
What does that have to do with aperture and ISO? The connection comes into play when you realize that ISO and aperture are also measured in stops, albeit in slightly different ways. This means that we can directly relate shutter speed to our ISO and aperture.
Let’s say we are shooting a moving subject at 1/60s at f/5.6 and ISO 100. The image is exposed correctly, but the subject is blurred. We find that a shutter speed of 1/250s (two stops faster) will freeze the motion, but it also leaves our scene underexposed by two stops since we have effectively decreased the amount of light by a factor of four.
To maintain our exposure, we must somehow compensate for the reduced amount of light from the faster shutter speed. We have two options: we can either increase the ISO by two stops or shoot with an aperture that is two stops wider than f/5.6.
So our new exposure settings would be either 1/250s at f/2.8 and ISO 100, or 1/250s at f/5.6 and ISO 400. Make sense?
How to choose the perfect shutter speed: step by step
Struggling to pick the perfect shutter speed? You’re not alone.
But while selecting the best shutter speed for your shooting situation might seem hard, it’s actually easy – once you get the hang of it. Here’s the two-step process I recommend:
Step 1: Determine the lowest-possible shutter speed that will get you a sharp shot
Look at your scene. Ask yourself: Are any subjects moving? And if so, what shutter speed do I need to freeze them?
You’ll get better at determining the lowest-possible shutter speed over time, but at first, it will take a lot of trial and error. Here’s a list of minimum sharp shutter speeds to get you started:
- Water flowing: 1/125s
- People walking: 1/250s
- People/animals running: 1/500s
- Cars driving: 1/1000s
- Birds flying: 1/2000s
Also note that, if your scene has zero movement, you cannot simply select whatever shutter speed you like. If you’re handholding your camera, then your hands will shake, and this will create blur – unless your shutter speed is fast enough.
The lowest-possible handheld shutter speed varies from person to person, plus it depends on your lens (longer lenses increase camera shake). And thanks to image stabilization technology, some cameras and lenses allow for slower handheld shooting. But I’d recommend keeping the shutter speed above 1/60s or so for short lenses, and 1/160s or so for long lenses, at least until you’ve done some tests.
Of course, if you’re shooting a scene with no movement, you do have another option: you can shoot with a tripod. Assuming your tripod is sturdy, it will let you drop your shutter speed as low as you like (which is how you can create beautiful moving water effects, as I discuss later in this article!).
Step 2: Boost your shutter speed (or adjust other variables) for the proper exposure
At this point, you should know your minimum shutter speed for a sharp shot. You shouldn’t drop below this speed – but you can always go above it, depending on your exposure needs.
If you’re in Manual mode, check your camera’s exposure bar (in the viewfinder). If the scene is overexposed, go ahead and boost the shutter speed.
If you’re in Shutter Priority mode, your camera will automatically select an aperture for a good exposure. But feel free to raise the shutter speed as long as your camera continues to choose an aperture you like.
On the other hand, if the scene is underexposed according to your camera’s exposure bar, you’ll need to change other camera settings to get the right exposure. Consider widening the aperture – but if this isn’t possible, you’ll need to raise the ISO.
Do not drop the shutter speed, however. Better to increase the ISO for a noisy image than to end up with unwanted blur.
And that’s it! To recap: Start by identifying your lowest-possible shutter speed for a sharp shot, then simply make tweaks for the optimal exposure.
That way, you get a crisp photo – with a balanced exposure, too.
Slow shutter speed photography
(Image by Christian Hoiberg)
The advice I’ve given above is perfect for situations where you want to freeze a moving subject.
But what if a sharp shot isn’t your goal? What if, instead, you want to creatively blur your photo for a beautiful effect?
You see, blur isn’t always bad; it can communicate motion, plus it can look truly breathtaking, as in this waterfall shot:
In deliberate motion-blur situations, you should set your camera to Manual mode, then dial in the exact shutter speed you’re after.
At this point, you should check your camera’s exposure bar and adjust the aperture and/or ISO for a good exposure.
Note that you definitely need a tripod for this type of long-exposure photography. Otherwise, the entire shot will blur!
Pro tip: If you’re struggling to get a slow enough shutter speed without overexposing the image, consider using a neutral density filter, which blocks out light and is perfect for long exposure shooting. It’s commonly used to create long-exposure images in bright conditions.
Alternatively, you can shoot in near darkness (either indoors or at night). That’s how this subway image was captured:
What shutter speed is best? Basic recommendations
Now that you’re familiar with the ins and outs of selecting a shutter speed, I’d like to share a few basic recommendations for selecting the right shutter speed. These recommendations won’t always work, but they should certainly offer you a good starting point when adjusting your camera settings.
The best shutter speeds for landscape photography
Landscape photographers generally have two shutter-related goals:
- Get the image sharp from foreground to background
- Create artistic motion blur in moving water and clouds
Now, foreground-to-background sharpness refers to a deep depth of field. And while this isn’t directly related to shutter speed, the longer the shutter speed, the easier it becomes to achieve a deep depth of field.
(Why? The depth of field is controlled by the aperture – and lengthier shutter speeds allow you to adjust the aperture without underexposing the scene.)
Plus, as I explained in a previous section, if you want artistic motion blur, you need to lengthen the shutter speed.
Bottom line: Landscape photography thrives on long exposures. Most landscape photographers shoot at 1s to 1/200s in bright daylight, and as the light falls, the shutter speeds slow. Many landscape shooters work at 1/30s to 30s (or more) around sunrise, sunset, and at night.
Such lengthy shutter speeds are only possible with a tripod. If you don’t have a tripod, then it’s often best to drop your shutter speed as low as you can go without creating camera shake (often around 1/60s or so).
The best shutter speeds for portrait photography
Portrait photographers can be pretty flexible when choosing shutter speeds. The key goal is to keep your shots sharp – by avoiding camera shake as well as motion blur – but because you can generally instruct your subject and work from a stable position, this shouldn’t be too tough.
If you’re shooting a stationary subject, feel free to drop your shutter speed to around 1/80s or so (though 1/200s is safer).
And if you’re shooting a moving subject, such as a person dancing, I’d recommend working at 1/500s and beyond.
The best shutter speeds for wildlife and bird photography
Bird and wildlife photography generally involves capturing fast-moving subjects with long lenses.
Therefore, you should generally use the fastest shutter speed you can get away with. For slower-moving animals, 1/500s is a reasonable starting point (and you can go lower if the animal is completely stationary – just make sure you keep your lens on a tripod or handheld as stably as possible).
For fast-moving animals and birds, 1/1000s is the place to start. And when action is occurring, I’d really recommend pushing your shutter speed to 1/2000s and beyond.
The best shutter speeds for street photography
Street photographers tend to be less concerned with sharpness than other shooters, so your choice of shutter speed isn’t nearly as important.
That said, if you’re walking while shooting and/or photographing walking people, 1/250s is a safe starting point. If both you and your subject are stationary, then you can often shoot at 1/100s or slower (assuming you’re using good handholding techniques and relatively short lenses).
Tips and ideas for using your shutter speed creatively
The reason I’m a big fan of experimenting with different shutter speeds is that the opportunities seem endless. By only using a fast shutter speed you’ll limit your photography and miss out on so many great images. In my opinion, shutter speed is the setting that allows you to be the most creative and to capture unique and visually interesting images.
By changing the shutter speed only slightly (e.g., from 1/120s to 1/60s), the image can look completely different and tell a whole different story. Here are just a few ideas and techniques for using shutter speed creatively:
1. Use a fast shutter speed to freeze motion
In times of high action or drama, you can stop the motion by using a very fast shutter speed.
To do this, you will want your shutter speed to be at least 1/250s. As with the picture below of the water droplets being flipped through the air, you may want your shutter speed to be significantly faster. (The image displayed below was shot at 1/8000s!)
Working with shutter speeds this fast, even on bright sunny days, will require some adjustments. For example, you’ll need to open up the aperture to its widest setting. (This will result in a shallow depth of field, but such an effect generally looks good in action photos!) You will also probably need to increase the ISO (a little on bright days, a lot on cloudy days or indoors).
One more tip for this type of fast-shutter-speed photo: learn to anticipate the shot. With the continuous shooting speeds offered by most modern cameras, you may be tempted to just hold the shutter button down and blast away – but in my experience, this rarely works. The perfect moment is usually only captured by anticipating the action and triggering the shutter at precisely the right moment.
2. Pan for a cool slow-motion effect
Another way to use shutter speed creatively in times of action is to pan. Panning is where you move the camera during the exposure to follow the subject. Done properly, the subject will turn out relatively sharp, while the background will be blurred to convey a sense of motion.
Panning should generally done at slow shutter speeds (between 1/8s and 1/30s). Being able to slow down the shutter speed is typically welcome news, as it will mean you do not have to crank up your ISO or make other offsetting moves. But getting a good result when panning will frequently require at least a few attempts while you adjust the speed and other settings.
3. Slow the shutter speed way down
The next creative use of shutter speed I’d like to cover here is long exposure. This is where you hold the shutter open for a time and allow certain parts of your picture to move through the frame. You will always need a tripod for this technique.
Long exposure shutter speeds are basically between 10 and 30 seconds. Most cameras offer you the ability to go even longer by using Bulb mode, where the shutter stays open as long as you hold the shutter button down. A remote shutter release, which is always a good idea when you are shooting from a tripod, is almost a necessity for this type of shot.
Long exposure is a great technique whenever there is moving water involved, such as coastal scenes, rivers, and waterfalls. It is also great for light trail photography.
Most of the time, your challenge with shutter speed is to get enough light into the camera for a fast shutter speed, but when doing slow-shutter photography, you’re usually faced with the opposite problem. The challenge is to limit the amount of light entering the camera so that you can leave the shutter open for a long time without overexposing the image.
To do that, first close down the aperture to its smallest setting and use the lowest ISO setting on your camera. If those moves don’t restrict the light enough, you will need to use a neutral density filter. These are filters that restrict the amount of light coming into your camera.
They come in different strengths, though the typical values are between 2 and 10 stops of light. Get one of these ND filters (or a few different ND filters with different strengths) and keep it in your bag if you think you might like to try the slow-shutter-speed approach.
4. Create blur with deliberate movement
One of the main reasons for using a tripod when photographing with a slow shutter speed is to remove any vibration and movement from the camera, leading to crisp and sharp images. This shutter speed technique, however, goes against those guidelines; instead of leaving the camera on a steady tripod, you’re going to tilt or pan it while taking the image.
The use of a tripod is not necessary for this technique, and it’s easy to do without one. If you’re using a shutter speed slower than one second, a tripod can help you achieve a better result, though.
You’ll get the best results when your subject contains different colors and also has texture and patterns. When you’ve found the subject you wish to photograph – let’s say a treeline or a patch of grass – slow your shutter speed down to between 1/15s and 1/4s of a second. You can use an even slower shutter speed, but I’ve found that the best results are in this range, as you’ll still get some good texture and detail in the image.
Now, when you press the shutter button, quickly tilt or pan the camera in one direction – make sure that you’re quick enough! As you can see, the result is an abstract image with lots of lines. This technique doesn’t work for all scenes, and I recommend zooming in on your subject to avoid including the sky.
Continue repeating this technique and try moving the camera at various speeds; you can also make small changes to the shutter speed setting. You’ll soon see that even small adjustments will have a huge impact on the final image. It may take quite a few attempts before you get an image you’re truly satisfied with, so keep playing.
5. Try the zoom-blur technique
This is a technique you can experiment with heavily as the results will vary widely. Here’s how it works:
Set your shutter speed to five seconds and place the camera on a tripod. Press the shutter button, wait two seconds, then slowly start zooming your lens. Continue until the exposure is completed.
The resulting file will often appear as if two images are combined into one. The background will often be sharp, while ghost-like lines will create a sense of motion and can add a lot of extra depth.
Again, as with all of these creative exercises, trial and error is your friend. Don’t just do it once and move on. Try it multiple times with different settings, vary the exposure, try a different zoom speed (go fast, then slow), zoom in then out, zoom and stop at varying intervals, etc. After a while, you’ll hopefully capture something that has potential!
The shutter speed cheat sheet
To take your photography to the next level and achieve perfectly exposed photos, it’s important to understand and master shutter speed. Whether you’re looking to improve your understanding of shutter speed as part of the exposure triangle or you want to know how to use it artistically, the shutter speed ceat sheet makes things much easier!
Shutter speed in photography: final words
Now that you’ve finished this article, you’re well-equipped to create some gorgeous photos.
So head out with your camera and test out different shutter speeds. Get familiar with your options. And try the tips and techniques outlined above!
Now over to you:
How do you plan to select your shutter speed from now on? Do you have any shutter speed tips? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
Shutter speed FAQ
Fast-moving subjects shot with long lenses require a short shutter speed (such as 1/250s or higher). But you can get sharp shots of stationary subjects shot with short lenses at 1/60s to 1/200s. And if you have a tripod, you can go even slower!
The shutter speed refers to the length of time the shutter is open when you press the shutter button. The longer the shutter is open, the more light that hits the sensor, and the brighter the image becomes.
Shutter speeds around 1/1000s and above are fast, while shutter speeds in the 1/100s to 1/1000s range are average, and shutter speeds from 1/100s on down are slow.
A higher shutter speed helps guarantee a sharp photo. However, if your subject isn’t moving, a high shutter speed can be overkill (and it will decrease the image exposure, which can be a problem). Also, a slower shutter speed can create artistic effects (such as blurry water).
A basic safe shutter speed is 1/250s, which will let you capture sharp shots of stationary and slow-moving subjects. But if you’re photographing cars driving, birds in flight, or other fast action, you’ll generally need to shoot at 1/1000s or above.
This article was updated in December 2023 with contributions from over a dozen expert photographers: Darren Rowse, Adam Welch, Natalie Norton, Viktor Elizarov, Lyndzee Ellsworth, Vickie Lewis, Neil Creek, Barry J Brady, Christian Hoiberg, Kevin Landwer-Johan, Peter West Carey, Nisha Ramroop, Jim Hamel, Ana Mireles, and Ken Lyons.
The post Shutter Speed in Photography: The Essential Guide (+ Cheat Sheet) appeared first on Digital Photography School. It was authored by Darren Rowse.
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